2.dos Difficulties with established study
Since the dowry try lawfully prohibited into the India and you will Bangladesh, anyone always hesitate to let you know perfect dowry amounts. The standard concern to your dowry on the Indian dataset requires on community-depending dowry. Like, the latest India Individual Development Survey asks “Basically in the region for children such as for instance yours, do you know the sort of issues that are given since the gift ideas during the time of the new daughter’s matrimony?” A community-established dowry isn’t the just like an individual dowry, that is paid down because of the bride’s mothers during the time of relationships. Alternatively, issue regarding dowry lets just a digital address, i.e., even when a confident number of dowry try paid (elizabeth.g., Survey into Standing of women and you will Fertility in both India and Pakistan). A digital answer, naturally, cannot render much details. Standard out-of whether or not a positive dowry number emerges matches to, and that’s largely informed me by the, ethnic, spiritual, and status backgrounds inside South Asia.
Because the dowry isn’t lawfully blocked into the Pakistan, the quantity actually repaid of the feminine respondent’s parents should be asked as opposed to booking for the a Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire. Although Pakistani interviewees may well not intentionally cover true information about dowry means, brand new questionnaire may nonetheless incorporate remember mistakes because respondents have to bear in mind the new dowry amount paid back because of the the parents previously. Contour 1a plots new predict level of real dowry opinions measured for the Pakistani Rupees in 2004 on to wedding 12 months having fun with study of the newest Pakistan Outlying House Survey. As opinion would be the fact actual dowry number try increasing, or perhaps display a low-declining development, brand new figure means the overall inclination off bear in mind problems. To phrase it differently, new longer this new pit within interviewees’ wedding together with bear in mind day, the more likely he could be to overestimate the fresh dowry count.
Matchmaking ranging from women’s ounts. The brand new range reveals the brand new predicted genuine number of dowry regressed towards ladies relationships season. The fresh shaded area suggests 95% trust period of forecast level of dowry. The knowledge types of (a) and (b) try Pakistan Outlying Family Survey 2004, therefore the outlying home questionnaire held by the author during the 2013, correspondingly
3 Analysis
On good our knowledge, research compiled within study will be the earliest to adopt explicitly an over-all tendency to overestimate a price paid extended before. Just like the functions from in past times accumulated research, ours are retrospective; but not, centered on it inclination, i such used specific perform to minimize questionnaire keep in mind problems. For example, i requested the amount of each other community-established dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry count paid off during the fresh new respondent’s relationship (retrospective). Due to the fact Pakistani dowry consists of silver/jewellery, gowns, seats, cooking equipment, and stuff like that, i queried dowry wide variety by the product. When we sensed good respondent’s overestimation of dowry count, especially in the truth away from a married relationship one took place a great number of years ago, because the dowry are demonstrated, we could and you may performed examine these types of amounts having individuals who went to the service. Consequently, the research to your predicted actual amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not reveal any coming down development, alternatively that have those people reported in the Fig. 1a.
step three.1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or bride chinese North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).